Cyber Insecurity in South Korea: Decoding Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities

The issue brief explores the complex challenges South Korea faces in securing its cyberspace amid rapid digital transformation and escalating geopolitical tensions. Despite being one of the most digitally connected nations, South Korea's cybersecurity framework suffers from significant vulnerabilities, particularly due to persistent cyber threats from North Korea and other state and non-state actors. The study examines South Korea's cybersecurity framework through four distinct phases, each reflecting increased sophistication in policy development. However, these efforts are hampered by a fragmented governance structure.

Additionally, the paper delves into both internal and external factors contributing to these vulnerabilities, including the country's geopolitical situation, technological advancements, and the public's distrust of government agencies. While policies since 2019 have made some progress toward greater cohesion, they have also been impacted by inconsistencies and disruptions. The paper argues that South Korea lacks a robust legal and institutional framework, as well as a unified strategy, to effectively counter and deter cyber threats. The study advocates for a more integrated and transparent approach to cybersecurity to address these persistent challenges.

Meghna Pradhan is a PhD scholar in East Asian Studies at the University of Delhi. She holds a Master's in East Asian Studies from the same university and an MPhil in Korean Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University, where she researched South Korea's cybersecurity governance. Her interests include emerging computational technologies, tech artifacts in global politics, governance, and non-traditional security. Currently, she is a NASC fellow (2024-25) at the Takshashila Institution and a Research Assistant at the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis (MP-IDSA).