Disease https://sspconline.org/ en Health Security: "Disinformation and Epidemics: Anticipating the Next Phase of Biowarfare" https://sspconline.org/CBW-disinformation/health-security-disinformation-and-epidemics-anticipating-next-phase-biowarfare <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--cbw-opinion.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Health Security: &quot;Disinformation and Epidemics: Anticipating the Next Phase of Biowarfare&quot;</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-cbwtype--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--node--field-cbwtype.html.twig * field--node--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--field-cbwtype.html.twig * field--list-float.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-cbwtype field--type-list-float field--label-hidden field__item">Document / Report</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--cbw-opinion.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/1" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">excelsolutions</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--cbw-opinion.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 09/30/2022 - 23:44</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-display-title--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--node--field-display-title.html.twig * field--node--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--field-display-title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-display-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h2><a href="/CBW-disinformation/health-security-disinformation-and-epidemics-anticipating-next-phase-biowarfare" hreflang="en">Health Security: &quot;Disinformation and Epidemics: Anticipating the Next Phase of Biowarfare&quot;</a></h2> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-date--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--node--field-date.html.twig * field--node--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--field-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item">September 30, 2022</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-thumb--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--node--field-thumb.html.twig * field--node--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--field-thumb.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-thumb field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-09/hs.2021.19.issue-1.cover_.jpeg" width="400" height="518" alt="HS cover" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>ABSTRACT: While biological warfare has classically been considered a threat requiring the presence of a distinct biological agent, we argue that in light of the rise of state-sponsored online disinformation campaigns, we are approaching a fifth phase of biowarfare with a ‘‘cyber-bio’’ framing. By examining the rise of measles cases following disinformation campaigns connected to the US 2016 presidential elections, the rise of disinformation in the current novel cor- coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and the impact of misinformation on public health interventions during the 2014- 2016 West Africa and 2019-2020 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola outbreaks, we ask whether the potential impact of these campaigns—which includes the undermining of sociopolitical systems, the delegitimization of public health and scientific bodies, and the diversion of the public health response—can be characterized as analogous to the impacts of more traditional conceptions of biowarfare. In this paper, we look at these different impacts and the norms related to the use of biological weapons and cyber campaigns. By doing so, we anticipate the advent of combined cyber and biological warfare. The latter is not dependent on the existence of a manufactured biological weapon; it manages to undermine sociopolitical systems and public health through the weaponization of naturally occurring outbreaks.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong><em> Disinformation, Biowarfare, Epidemics, Infodemics, Public health preparedness/response, Infectious diseases</em>.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Authors:</strong> Rose Bernard, Gemma Bowsher, Richard Sullivan, and Fawzia Gibson-Fall</li> <li>Open Access: <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/hs.2020.0038">Disinformation and Epidemics: Anticipating the Next Phase of Biowarfare</a>, Volume 19, Number 1, 2021</li> <li>Published Online:18 Feb 2021</li> </ul> <p><strong>Full Text</strong>: <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/hs.2020.0038">https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/hs.2020.0038</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--tags--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--node--tags.html.twig * field--node--cbw-opinion.html.twig * field--tags.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Tags</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/124" hreflang="en">Disease</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/1083" hreflang="en">Disinformation </a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/1086" hreflang="en">Biowarfare</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/1087" hreflang="en">infodemic</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Fri, 30 Sep 2022 18:14:06 +0000 excelsolutions 835 at https://sspconline.org States’ Responses to Covid-19 Pandemic in India: The Odisha Model https://sspconline.org/opinion-analysis/states-responses-covid-19-pandemic-india-odisha-model-sat-04182020 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--opinion.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">States’ Responses to Covid-19 Pandemic in India: The Odisha Model</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--opinion.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/1" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">excelsolutions</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--opinion.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Sun, 04/19/2020 - 00:08</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-date--opinion.html.twig * field--node--field-date.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--field-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-04-19T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Sun, 04/19/2020 - 12:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Sat, 18 Apr 2020 18:38:12 +0000 excelsolutions 652 at https://sspconline.org The Pandemic: Stigma Challenge for ‘Corona’ Management in India https://sspconline.org/opinion-analysis/pandemic-stigma-challenge-corona-management-india-mon-04132020 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--opinion.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Pandemic: Stigma Challenge for ‘Corona’ Management in India</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--opinion.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/1" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">excelsolutions</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--opinion.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 04/13/2020 - 19:43</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-date--opinion.html.twig * field--node--field-date.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--field-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-04-13T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Mon, 04/13/2020 - 12:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Mon, 13 Apr 2020 14:13:54 +0000 excelsolutions 649 at https://sspconline.org Biosafety, Biosecurity and Code of Ethics https://sspconline.org/research-paper/biosafety-biosecurity-and-code-ethics <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--researchpaper.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Biosafety, Biosecurity and Code of Ethics</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-pu--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-pu.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-pu.html.twig * field--list-string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pu field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Research Papers</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--researchpaper.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/index.php/user/1" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">excelsolutions</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--researchpaper.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/19/2015 - 16:28</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-display-title--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-display-title.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-display-title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-display-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="title page-title">Biosafety, Biosecurity and Code of Ethics</h1> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">B.M. Gandhi</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-rpdate--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-rpdate.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-rpdate.html.twig * field--string-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-rpdate field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">January 2015</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-cover--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-cover.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-cover.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-cover field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2018-06/biosecurity_small.jpg" width="121" height="169" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The dual-use research in life sciences has raised serious concerns for bio-safety and bio-security today as there exist possibilities of misuse of knowledge, information, products, and technologies to promote bioterrorism or bio-warfare activities. Misuse may pose a consequential threat to public health and safety, agricultural crops and other plants, animals, the environment, material or national security. India has strict and robust regulations on bio-safety and bio-security policies that provide adequate safeguards for responsible conduct and oversight of life sciences research. However, safety measures are far from satisfactory and the implementation agencies are weak. There is an acute shortage of technically-trained manpower and machinery to strictly enforce the regulatory system.</p> <p>This paper thus highlights the strength of the existing regulations, but points at the urgent need for: a) coordinated approach by various government agencies and b) capacity building for speedy implementation of existing regulations in order to promote good bio-safety and biosecurity practices in India.</p> <h3><a href="/sites/default/files/paper_biosecurity.pdf">Download Research Paper</a></h3> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-authornote--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-authornote.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-authornote.html.twig * field--string-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-authornote field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author Note</div> <div class="field__item">Dr. B.M. Gandhi is Chief Executive Officer at NeoBioMed Services (100, Vasant Enclave, New Delhi), India. He was formerly Advisor to Government of India in the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology. </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--tags--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--tags.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--tags.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Tags</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/index.php/taxonomy/term/975" hreflang="en">ERIDs</a>, <a href="/index.php/taxonomy/term/977" hreflang="en">biosecurity</a>, <a href="/index.php/taxonomy/term/978" hreflang="en">Biosafety</a>, <a href="/index.php/taxonomy/term/979" hreflang="en">public health</a>, <a href="/index.php/taxonomy/term/124" hreflang="en">Disease</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Mon, 19 Jan 2015 10:58:26 +0000 excelsolutions 406 at https://sspconline.org Plague Outbreaks in India: Surat and Himachal Pradesh https://sspconline.org/research-paper/plague-outbreaks-india-surat-and-himachal-pradesh <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--researchpaper.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Plague Outbreaks in India: Surat and Himachal Pradesh</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-pu--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-pu.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-pu.html.twig * field--list-string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-pu field--type-list-string field--label-hidden field__item">Research Papers</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--researchpaper.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/1" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">excelsolutions</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--researchpaper.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Sat, 02/01/2014 - 09:48</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-display-title--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-display-title.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-display-title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-display-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="title page-title">Plague Outbreaks in India: Surat and Himachal Pradesh</h1> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">ANIMESH ROUL</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-rpdate--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-rpdate.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-rpdate.html.twig * field--string-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-rpdate field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">December 2003</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-cover--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-cover.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-cover.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-cover field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2020-04/Plague-Roul%202003_1.jpg" width="113" height="181" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/image-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Within a gap of eight years, the plague has struck twice in India. The outbreaks caused panic and necessitated an urgent assessment of our public health apparatus vis-a-vis our vulnerability towards infectious diseases. Generally speaking, the resurgence of epidemics and their effects on society demonstrated at least three vital national security issues. They are human mobility (cross-border and intra- border movements), transparency, and tensions between states, (which includes the threat of biological warfare). The re-emergence of plague in India in 1994 (Surat) and in 2002 (Himachal Pradesh) invokes these issues and calls for national and international discourse on disease control. Whether it was caused by intra-state tensions (biological war) or due to a natural phenomenon is still debatable, especially in the case of Surat. However, the plague which ravaged the Diamond City of Surat and scenic hamlets in Shimla affected the economic and political activity in the country, but also posed a serious threat to our national security.</p> <blockquote><p><strong>The paper was originally published in Chari, P.R &amp; Rajain, A (2003), <em>Biological Weapons; Issues and Threats</em>, India Research Press, New Delhi.</strong></p> <p><strong>Book Chapter: "<a href="https://sspconline.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/Plague-Roul-2003.pdf">Plague Outbreaks in India: Surat and Himachal Pradesh</a>" (Compressed PDF version updated on April 3, 2020). </strong></p> <p> </p> </blockquote> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-authornote--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--field-authornote.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--field-authornote.html.twig * field--string-long.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-authornote field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author Note</div> <div class="field__item">Animesh Roul, Executive Director, Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict, New Delhi. [Note: Mr. Roul was with New Delhi based Institute for Conflict Management, www.satp.org at the time of this project]</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--upload--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--upload.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--upload.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-upload field--type-file field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="https://sspconline.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/Plague-Roul-2003.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=5550600" title="Plague-Roul-2003.pdf">For Complete Document, Read Here</a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--tags--researchpaper.html.twig * field--node--tags.html.twig * field--node--researchpaper.html.twig * field--tags.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-inline"> <div class="field__label">Tags</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/971" hreflang="en">Plague</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/972" hreflang="en">Epidemic</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/124" hreflang="en">Disease</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/973" hreflang="en">Rat</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/969" hreflang="en">Pandemic</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/974" hreflang="en">Surat</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/285" hreflang="en">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/taxonomy/term/975" hreflang="en">ERIDs</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Sat, 01 Feb 2014 04:18:58 +0000 excelsolutions 645 at https://sspconline.org Pakistan: Between Devil and Disease https://sspconline.org/opinion-analysis/pakistan-between-devil-and-disease-sat-12072013 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--opinion.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pakistan: Between Devil and Disease</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--opinion.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/1" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">excelsolutions</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--opinion.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 12/25/2013 - 20:30</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-date--opinion.html.twig * field--node--field-date.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--field-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2013-12-07T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Sat, 12/07/2013 - 12:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Wed, 25 Dec 2013 15:00:40 +0000 excelsolutions 349 at https://sspconline.org Responses to Disease Outbreak: A Perspective from India https://sspconline.org/opinion-analysis/responses-disease-outbreak-perspective-india-wed-03052008-1200 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--opinion.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Responses to Disease Outbreak: A Perspective from India</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--opinion.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/index.php/user/1" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">excelsolutions</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--opinion.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 03/06/2008 - 00:00</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-date--opinion.html.twig * field--node--field-date.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--field-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2008-03-05T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Wed, 03/05/2008 - 12:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Wed, 05 Mar 2008 18:30:00 +0000 excelsolutions 67 at https://sspconline.org Mosquito Menace in India: Chinks in Health Care Establishment https://sspconline.org/opinion-analysis/mosquito-menace-india-chinks-health-care-establishment-sat-11042006 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--opinion.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mosquito Menace in India: Chinks in Health Care Establishment </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--opinion.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/index.php/user/1" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">excelsolutions</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--opinion.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Sat, 11/04/2006 - 00:00</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-date--opinion.html.twig * field--node--field-date.html.twig * field--node--opinion.html.twig * field--field-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-date field--type-datetime field--label-hidden field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2006-11-04T12:00:00Z" class="datetime">Sat, 11/04/2006 - 12:00</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/time.html.twig' --> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/pushkar/templates/New folder/content/links--node.html.twig' --> Fri, 03 Nov 2006 18:30:00 +0000 excelsolutions 118 at https://sspconline.org