The issue brief explores the complex challenges South Korea faces in securing its cyberspace amid rapid digital transformation and escalating geopolitical tensions. Despite being one of the most digitally connected nations, South Korea's cybersecurity framework suffers from significant vulnerabilities, particularly due to persistent cyber threats from North Korea and other state and non-state actors. The study examines South Korea's cybersecurity framework through four distinct phases, each reflecting increased sophistication in policy development.

This Issue Brief provides a comprehensive examination of India's 2+2 Dialogues with key global partners, including the USA, Japan, Australia, Russia, and the UK, emphasizing the strategic importance of these engagements. Extending the analysis to India's partnerships with France, South Korea, Brazil, and Indonesia, the study evaluates the multifaceted impact on India's foreign policy.

The ever-evolving landscape of national security threats has expanded to encompass traditional geopolitical and military risks and challenges arising from the cyber and biological domains termed cyber-biosecurity. This hybrid concept of cyber-biosecurity emerges as an innovative fusion, encapsulating the rapidly converging disciplines of cybersecurity and biosecurity.

Since the Soviet incursion into Afghanistan, Pakistan has been strategically invested in its neighbouring country, seeking to establish a sphere of influence there. Pakistan has employed a multifaceted approach to realise this ambition over the years. This has ranged from backing the Afghan Mujahedeen during the Soviet-Afghan War to fostering extremist and terrorist organisations within the region, culminating in its extensive support for the Afghan Taliban throughout the 1990s.