The debate over free expression on social media today straddles politics, technology, and civil liberties. When Elon Musk completed his $44 billion acquisition of Twitter on October 27–28, 2022, he declared his ambition to transform the platform into a global forum for candid discussion. One of his earliest and most controversial actions was restoring the account of former U.S. President Donald Trump, who had been permanently banned in January 2021 following the Capitol riots.

In 2022, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres launched the ‘Early Warning for All’ (EW4ALL) initiative, aiming to provide universal protection against hydro-meteorological, climatological, and related environmental hazards by 2027 (WMO, 2022). This initiative has advanced the global agenda on anticipatory action by emphasizing the need for user-centric early warning systems, thereby enhancing human security.

The May 2025 India-Pakistan conflict offered a sobering demonstration of how modern wars are no longer confined to physical battlefields alone. Alongside precision strikes and conventional military operations, both countries engaged in a fierce struggle for control over public perception, media narratives, and psychological advantage. The widespread use of misinformation and disinformation across platforms such as X (formerly Twitter), Telegram, Facebook, WhatsApp, and YouTube transformed the conflict into a full-spectrum hybrid war.

It has been one month since the brutal Islamist terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir (April 22, 2025), where civilians were deliberately targeted and killed after being asked their religion — a cold-blooded and calculated act of violence. The incident stands as yet another grim reminder of the enduring and well-orchestrated threat posed by Pakistan-based Islamist terror networks.